Soccerhawg,
The laws of the game (LOTG) do not define or address what a shot on goal or a shot on target is. Both of these are statistics. You will find no statistics defined by the LOTG but just as in baseball (where there are a slew of statistics), these measures are used to generate a reflective view on the game.
With respect to the second part of your question, a team can commit a foul but no suffering would be involved in the foul. The best example I can think of quickly is handling the ball - there is no contact on the opponent, therefore no foul is suffered.
Again, fouls committed and fouls suffered are statistics. Referees are not charged with keeping track of the total number of fouls in a match - these are statistics used to reflect the action in a match (much like the data that contributes to a box score in baseball).
Does that help?